Introduction

The “Updates on Pediatric Health and Disease” series are a comprehensive text regarding childhood and adolescence health and diseases. Neonatology as well as different diseases in all subspecialties of pediatrics, including Pediatric allergy and immunology, Pediatric cardiology, Pediatric critical care, Pediatric emergency medicine, Pediatric endocrinology, Pediatric gastroenterology, Pediatric hematology, Pediatric infectious disease, Pediatric nephrology, Pediatric oncology, Pediatric pulmonology, Pediatric rheumatology, Pediatric neurology, Pediatric psychiatry, and Pediatric dermatology will be discussed in different volumes. In addition, pediatric surgery and anesthesiology, as well as other surgical subspecialties, including Pediatric neurosurgery, Pediatric ophthalmology, Pediatric open heart surgery, Pediatric orthopedic surgery, and Pediatric otolaryngology will be discussed in the “Pediatrics” series.