Contains the title of the Book, the subtitle (if any), edition (for second or subsequent editions only), author's /editor's names. In addition, the title page may contain the author's/editor's affiliations.

The information for this page is generated by the publisher. This page contains: the copyright information (including the notice of reserved rights); publishing history (for new editions or translations); full addresses of publisher's principal editorial offices, CIP (international catalogue) data; the ISBN; and printing information (e.g. printed by Bentham Science publishers).

There is no rule of text organization for this page as it refers to a personal statement.

Contain at least the chapter titles preceded by the chapter numbers. You may also wish to add the first, and maybe even the second level of heading within each chapter. In a contributed Book, the content page should also indicate the author of each chapter. Part/Section titles should be included if there are any.

One page foreword should be written by an eminent researcher in the field (other than the author/editor). Include the writer's name and affiliation at the end (Please visit http://benthambooks.com/ for sample foreword).

One page preface written by the author or editor of the Book, briefly explaining the aims and scope of the Book (Please visit http://benthambooks.com/ for sample preface).

Contains names of all contributors to the Book, in alphabetical order with their affiliations and addresses (Please visit www.benthambooks.com for sample List of Contributors). The format of the list of contributors should be as follows:

An appendix is a reference section at the end of an Book. To present lengthy, but essential methodological details, use appendices, which can be a part of the chapter. An appendix must not exceed three pages (Times New Roman, 12 point fonts, 900 max. words per page).The information should be provided in a condensed form, ruling out the need of full sentences. A single appendix should be titled APPENDIX, while more than one can be titled APPENDIX A, APPENDIX B, and so on.

Glossaries are a list of terms in a particular domain with the definitions for those terms. Traditionally, a glossary appears at the end of a book and includes terms within that book which are either newly introduced or at least uncommon.

Systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from "works cited" lists at the end of books and articles to complete, independent publications.

Author index and subject index should be prepared well before submission of the Book. A detailed list of the specific information in the Book should be arranged alphabetically.

A brief write-up (100-150 words) on the major contributions and current affiliation of the author/editor will be required to be printed on the back cover of the print version along with his/her photograph (600 dpi). Sample

It is a mandatory requirement that a signed Copyright letter should be submitted along with each chapter by the author to whom correspondence is to be addressed, delineating the scope of the submitted Book/chapter, declaring the potential competing interests, acknowledging contributions from authors and funding agencies, and certifying that the Book/chapter is prepared according to the 'Guidelines for Authors'. The Book/chapter should not contain any such material or information that may be unlawful, defamatory, fabricated, plagiarized, or which would, if published, in any way whatsoever, violate the terms and conditions as laid down in the Copyright letter. The editors/authors acknowledge that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the editors/authors for any such violation of the terms and conditions as laid down in the agreement.

The title of the chapter should be precise and brief and must not be more than 120 characters. Authors should avoid the use of non-standard abbreviations. The title must be written in title case with font size 14 pt bold except for articles, conjunctions and prepositions.

Authors should also provide a short running title. Title, running title, byline, correspondent footnote and keywords should be written as presented in the chapter.

Title page should include Chapter title, author(s) full name and affiliation, corresponding author(s) names complete affiliation/address, along with phone, fax and email.

The authors will be required to provide their full names, the institutional affiliations and the location, with an asterisk in front of the name of the principal/corresponding author. The corresponding author(s) should be designated and their complete address, business telephone and fax numbers and e-mail address must be stated for correspondence.

The abstract should not exceed 250 words and it should condense the essential features of the chapter. Font size of 10 pt letters should be used for the text in the abstract.

20 keywords should be provided in alphabetical order. Each keyword should be delimited with comma.

While preparing a chapter the authors should ensure that various levels of heading are clearly distinguishable. The headings should follow a logical hierarchy. Five is considered as the maximum number of levels of heading. Examples are given below:

Level 1: HEADING (The first heading should be caps, 12 pt and bold)

Level 2: Heading (second heading should be title case, 12 pt and bold)

Level 3: Heading (Third heading should be title case, 12 pt bold, italics and bold)

Level 4: Heading (Fourth heading should be title case, 12 pt bold, italics and underline)

Level 5: Heading (Fifth heading should be title case, 12 pt unbold, italics and underline)

The style of the chapter must be uniform throughout the text and 12 pt Times New Roman fonts should be used. The full term for an abbreviation should precede its first appearance in the text unless it is a standard unit of measurement. The reference numbers should be given in square brackets in the text except for APA and Harvard styles. Italics should be used for Binomial names of organisms (Genus and Species), for emphasis and for unfamiliar words or phrases. Non-assimilated words from Latin or other languages should also be italicized e.g. in vivo, in vitro, per se, via, viz, viz-a-viz, de novo, vs, versus, in silico, in situ, ex-vivo, ex-vitro, ex-situ, et al, etc.

Authors should review recent important patents in the field. Coverage of novel research and clinical trials should be emphasized, including the significance of the reported patents.

Greek symbols and special characters often undergo formatting changes and get corrupted or lost during preparation of chapter for publication. To ensure that all special characters used are embedded in the text, these special characters should be inserted as a symbol but should not be a result of any format styling (Symbol font face) otherwise they will be lost during conversion to PDF/XML¹.

Chemical equations, chemical names, mathematical usage, unit of measurements, chemical and physical quantity & units must conform to SI and Chemical Abstracts or IUPAC.

All mathematical equation must be provided in the MathType or any other Equations Editor Software.

The italic font should be used for mathematical symbol (this is the default font in TeX/LaTeX’s math mode). In addition to variables and constants, the italic font should be used for chapter symbols, symbols of quantum states and group-theoretic designations.

All equations should be indented and numbered as follows: (1) A principal equation and subordinate equations may be numbered (1), (1a), (1b), etc.

Equation number should be right justified. Put three dots (...) midway should be placed between the end of the equation and the equation number.

Particular care should be taken to distinguish between the number zero (0) and the letter O; the number one (1) and the letter l, the Roman letter v and the Greek letter nu (n). The decimal logarithm should be written "log" and the natural log "ln". The abbreviation of the exponential function is a roman e (for example, ex) or exp (for example, exp (u² + n)). In expressions of the type dxdt, the letter d (derivative function) is always written in roman, whereas the physical parameter (x or t) is always in italics. Numbers are written in numerals when they are followed by units, these being represented by their SI symbols (10 % but a few percent).

In numerals, each group of three letters should be separated by a space (except for dates and postal codes).

A diacritical sign is a marking placed directly above or below symbols, e.g., the arrow in

All available characters can be used as subscripts or superscripts. Position of a subscript or superscript is dictated by standard notation.

Example:

Roman multiletter abbreviations must be closed up to the argument following and separated from any preceding symbol by a thin space, that is

● To treat a function of a function, it should be enclosed in bold round parentheses, i.e., g(f(x)).

The e form is appropriate when the argument is short and simple, i.e., e^ik•r, whereas exp should be used if the argument is more complicated.

For the purpose of grouping, the sequence of bracketing preferred is {[()]}, working outwards in sets ( ), [ ], and {}. { [ ( { [ ( ) ] } ) ] }

In text, however, space limitations require that single limit sums or integrals use subscripts and superscripts, for example,

The primary use of the multiplication sign is to indicate a vector product of three-vectors (e.g., k x A). It should not be used to express a simple product. The center dot (•) should not be used to mean a simple product. But to represent inner products of vectors (k • r).

The use of the following standard symbols is recommended.

~	approximately or varies as
≅	approximately equal
Ø	tends to
∝	proportional to
O()	of the order
A*	complex conjucate of A
A†	Hermitian conjucate of A
	unit vector k/k

Simple formulae should be presented in the line of normal text where possible and the solidus (/) be used instead of a horizontal line for small fractional terms, e.g., X/Y. In principle, variables are to be presented in italics. Powers of e are often more conveniently denoted by exp. Number consecutively any equations that have to be displayed separately from the text (if referred to explicitly in the text).

Authors should provide the equations in TeX/LaTeX file format separately as well as embedded in the Book/chapter.

The following file formats are acceptable (Preference in order of appearance):

• Source file(Original drawn in software)

• PDF(In vector graphics)

• IA(In vector graphics)

• EPS(In vector graphics)

• CDR(In vector graphics)

• FREEHAND(In vector graphics)

• PPT(In vector graphics)

• DOC(In vector graphics)

• EXCEL(In vector graphics)

• TIFF(Minimum dpi 300)

• JPEG(Minimum dpi 300)

We don’t accept scan version or hardcopy.

Bentham Science does not process figures submitted in GIF format.

Whenever possible, graphics that do not have to be reduced to fit the standard figure size be submitted or alternatively, the figures in their original program in which they have been drawn.

The best resolution available (hardcopy submission requirement) should be used. For online submission the minimum resolution is 300 dpi.

• Textures and shadings giving a three-dimensional effect to the illustration should be avoided.

• For Halftone image type, which is generally a continuous tone photograph and contains no text, the preferred file format is TIFF, with color mode being or RGB or Grayscale, in a resolution of minimum 300 dpi.

• For Combination image type, which is generally an image containing halftone in addition to text or line art elements, the preferred file format is TIFF, with color mode being or RGB or Grayscale, in a resolution of minimum 300-500 dpi.

Vector design means editing any picture in any format. Vector-based images are not made up of a specific number of dots; they can be scaled to a larger size, retaining image quality. If raster graphic is blown up it looks blocky, or "pixilated". When the blown up figure is in vector graphics, the edges of each object within the graphic stay smooth and clean. Common types of vector graphics include Adobe Illustrator, Macromedia Freehand, and EPS files. Many Flash animations also use vector graphics, since they scale better and typically take up less space than bitmap images. File extensions may be .AI, .EPS, .SVG, .DRW.

Instead, vector graphics are comprised of paths, which are defined by a start and end point, along with other points, curves, and angles along the way. A path can be a line, a square, a triangle, or a curvy shape. These paths can be used to create simple drawings or complex diagrams.

• Symbols and lettering in the illustration should be of similar size.

• Smaller lettering must be used.

• For symbols Times New Roman or Helvetica font style is preferable with font size: 10pt (maximum).

There are many software packages, many of them freeware or shareware, capable of converting to and from different graphics formats, including PNG. Good general tools for image conversion include GraphicConverter on the Macintosh, PaintShop Pro, for Windows, and ImageMagick, which is available on Macintosh, Windows and UNIX platforms. Note that bitmap images (e.g. screenshots) should not be converted to EPS, since this will result in a much larger file size than the equivalent JPEG, TIFF, PNG or BMP, with no increase in quality. EPS should only be used for images produced by vector-drawing applications such as Adobe Illustrator or CorelDraw. Most vector-drawing applications can be saved in, or exported as, EPS format. In case the images have been originally prepared in an Office application, such as Word or PowerPoint, then the original Office files should be directly uploaded to the site, instead of being converted to JPEG or another format that may be of low quality.

No charges will be levied on the use of color figures except in the reprints. Color figures should be supplied in CMYK not RGB colors. Files should not be compressed with tools such as Zipit or Stuffit prior to submission as these tools will in any case produce negligible file-size savings for JPEGs and TIFFs, which are already compressed.

Each figure must be provided with appropriate legend.

All figures must be cited sequentially in round brackets in the text and figure number should be in bold i.e. Fig. (1) or (Fig. 1).

Chain angle 120°

Bond spacing 18% of width

Fixed length 14.4 pt (0.500cm, 0.2in)

Bold width 2.0 pt (0.071cm, 0.0278in)

Line width 0.6 pt (0.021cm, 0.0084in)

Margin width 1.6 pt (0.096cm)

Hash spacing 2.5 pt (0.088cm, 0.0347in)

Font Times New Roman

Size 8 pt

Units points

Tolerances 3 pixels

Paper US letter

Scale 100%

Indicate each footnote in a table with a superscript lowercase letter.

The Book must be written in English (American or U.K. spelling), in a clear, direct and active style. All pages must be numbered sequentially, facilitating in the reviewing and editing of the Book/chapter. Authors from non-English speaking countries should collaborate with English speaking colleagues who can check and improve the language, style and grammar of the Book. Alternatively, for English language and grammatical corrections, editors/authors may also contact Eureka Science.

Submission of an Book/chapter entails that the work has not been published previously nor is under consideration for publication elsewhere. Submission of any content to Bentham Science Publishers (BSP) will automatically transfer all rights for publication, selling and distribution in all forms of media (electronic and printed, etc) to BSP. It is the responsibility of the person submitting the contents to have prior written consent of the organization/person where/by whom the work was carried out.

It is assumed that the editor has reviewed and accepted the contents submitted by chapter/contributing authors prior to final submission of the Book/chapter to BSP. The Publisher will not be responsible for technical or scientific editing of the Book contents.

It is imperative that before submission, authors should carefully proofread the Book/chapter content files for special characters, mathematical symbols, Greek letters, equations, tables, references and images, to ensure that they appear in proper order and format.