Preface

The book on Intelligent Technologies for Research and Engineering contains new research findings from academics. The book contains research conducted by active researchers who are involved in the cooperation between businesses and a variety of intelligent technologies, such as those that may be used in the production and distribution of industrial goods, factory automation, and other fields. The theory, design, development, testing, and evaluation of all intelligent technologies relevant to different areas of industry and its infrastructure are the main topics of this book. All computational intelligence techniques applicable to industry, intelligent data science techniques applicable to business and management, intelligent network systems applicable to industrial production, intelligent technologies applicable to smart agriculture, and intelligent information systems for agriculture are some of the topics covered. Significant advancements in intelligent systems have occurred as a result of the exponential growth of modern technologies. As a result, there is more potential for advancements and new uses.

A vital source of academic content on the creation, deployment, and integration of intelligent applications across several sectors is the journal, Developments and Trends in Intelligent Technologies and Smart Systems. This book is ideally suited for researchers, engineers, computer scientists, academics, students, and professionals interested in the most recent applications of intelligent technologies, highlighting a variety of cutting-edge topics like enterprise modelling, remote patient monitoring, and service-oriented architecture.

The latest advances in the field of solidification research and the problems posed by the community in the 21st century in terms of processing and analysis are presented in this book. On behalf of the editors, we would like to offer our appreciation to everyone who took part in the preparation of this project. First and foremost, the authors, whose excellent work is at the core of the book, and we gratefully congratulate all those who contributed to this book in any possible way and wish them great success. We would like to take this time to thank our family and friends for their support and encouragement while we worked on this book. Also, we offer all credit and respect to our almighty Lord for his bountiful grace, which enabled me to finish this book successfully. We would like to express our gratitude to the writers for their contributions to this edited book. We would also like to thank Bentham Science Publishers and its whole team for facilitating the work and providing us the opportunity to be a part of this work. The content of this book is summarized as follows:

1. Chapter 1: Data Analytics is the present and the future of problem-solving in computing. With the increasing trends in data and processing power, Machine learning solutions are evolving to cater to the needs and challenges in both the scientific and business worlds. In this work, the current solutions have been discussed and the results of the practical experiments conducted are shown with a glimpse on the future direction. The problem of automatic identification of fake news has been addressed. Fake news datasets are obtained through crowdsourcing and web covering celebrities. Due to the inherent relationship among publishers, news and social engagements in the news dissemination process on social media, the SVM classifier model has been implemented. Multilayer Perceptron model for distributed environment is proposed and performance comparison of the two models is established.

2. Chapter 2: In this chapter, the synthesis and characterization of a metal matrix composite material encompassing MoS2, B4C, and graphite as reinforcement are presented. Hybrid composites are prepared by using stir-casting techniques with various weight percentages (1%, 2%, and 3%) of each reinforcement (Molybdenum Disulfide, Boron carbide, and Graphite). After fabrication, the ingots were subjected to various tests to study their mechanical behaviour and microstructural study. A tensile test, hardness test, and impact test were conducted by ASTM standard to find the effect of reinforcement on aluminium metal matrix composite (Al 7075- MoS2, B4C, and graphite). The microstructural study (scanning electron microscope) was conducted to assess the distribution of reinforcement on the composite. The spread and interaction of constituent materials play a key role in their properties. The results show that with the addition of reinforcements up to 3% to matrix metal Al 7075, the hardness, tensile, and impact properties were increased compared to the base AL 7075 alloy.

3. Chapter 3: In the current scenario of automation and digitization, sensors are available in almost all fields of inventions. Sensors are everywhere for example in our phones, workplaces, automobiles, and in the environment. With the increasing evolution of sensors, sensor networks are a significant aspect of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the contemporary world. A sensor network comprises multiple sensor nodes. Each sensor node is small in size, lightweight, and portable, as are the detection stations that make up the network. Detecting and processing nodes that have been constructed are used for sensing and processing the surrounding environment, as well as relaying the detected data to the other nodes in a network. Almost every sensor node in a network is equipped with four primary components i.e., a transducer, a microcontroller, a transmitter, and a power supply. Sensor nodes in the sensory network must be able to operate on restricted and small sources of energy, which are often available in the form of operational battery power. These types of networks also incorporate a variety of antennas, which help to increase the network's capacity while also increasing the transmission range, improving spatial reuse, and reducing interference. The primary goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of the sensors and antennas used in wireless sensor network applications.

4. Chapter 4: We use a variety of electrical devices in our day-to-day operations. Home appliances, industrial applications, automobile applications, and other gadgets are among the devices available. So many electrical instruments rely on the electrical machine as their heart. If a fault arises in the machine, it will cause the instrument to malfunction. It can sometimes result in a dangerous situation. To avoid this, we must constantly monitor the electrical machine. If a problem arises, we must be informed as soon as possible. Only then will we be able to take corrective action and prevent fault occurrence. In this way, we can leverage Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) for electrical machine condition monitoring. AI focuses on creating intelligent machines that think and work like humans. The IoT is a network of connected systems that can collect and transfer data wirelessly without human involvement. We can take condition monitoring, control, and information exchange to the next level by combining these two approaches (AI-IoT). This study employs an induction motor for analysis purposes because it is one of the most widely used electric motors worldwide in a broad range of applications. Throughout its various operating stages, the induction motor is continuously monitored, and the state of the motor is updated to the users accordingly. Additionally, utilizing IoT and modern communication technologies makes it possible to remotely monitor and control the induction motor. We can achieve numerous advantages over traditional methods by combining these two methodologies (AI-IoT).

5. Chapter 5: The semiconductor material InP plays a key role in optoelectronic devices, high-speed devices, and fiber optic communications systems. The major problems with these materials are the high lattice mismatch and variance in thermal expansion coefficient between InP and Si. This mismatch produces high dislocation density at the interface and the propagation of the threading dislocations away from the interface into the device layer is a major concern in optoelectronic applications. Image processing algorithms play a pivotal role in the medical field, archaeology, and remote sensing. This work proposes an image processing method to analyze the SEM images of the InP heteroepitaxy layer to determine the etch pits to confirm whether the substrate is suitable for optoelectronic applications. In this work, a variant of anisotropic diffusion filters for noise reduction on SEM image and Fuzzy C means clustering method for image segmentation was employed for analysis.

6. Chapter 6: This research work proposes a "Solar PV Charged Pineapple Leaf Cutter" (SPVPLC) for rural community people. The cutting of pineapple leaves is crucial and time-consuming and also a very laborious task. A portable leaf cutter system comprising a DC motor with blade arrangement is utilized in this work and is powered by the PV panel. A mechanical trolley system is also designed, which supports the entire system and facilitates movement. The outcome of this research work paves the way for the beneficiary of farmers. A 50w solar panel charging battery was utilized in this work. The battery output drives the motor coupled with the blade arrangement through a simple electronic circuit comprising the voltage regulator and current limiting resistors. The simulation was carried out using Proteus software and the prototype model was also depicted in this work.

7. Chapter 7: Computer-aided algorithms play a vital role in industrial automation; image processing algorithms have a wide variety of applications in the detection of defects in real-time studies. This chapter proposes image processing algorithms for the detection of defects in solar panel electroluminescent images. This research work proposes a median filter for filtering images followed by a region of interest extraction by fast fuzzy c means clustering. The outcome of this work paves the way for researchers working in the processing of solar panel electroluminescent images for defect classification.

8. Chapter 8: A collaborative filtering recommender system is utilized as a significant method to suggest products to the users depending on their preferences. It is quite complicated when the user preference and rating data is sparse. Missing value occurs when there are no stored values for the specified dataset. Typical missing data are divided into three categories such as (i) Missing completely at random, (ii) Missing at random and (iii) Missing not at random. The missing values in the dataset affect the accuracy and prediction outcomes. In order to alleviate this issue, the data imputation method is exploited. Imputation is the process of reinstating the missing value with a substitute to preserve the data in the dataset. It involves multiple approaches to evaluate the missing value. In this paper, we reviewed the progression of various imputation techniques and their limitations. Further, we endeavored k-recursive reliability-based imputation (k-RRI) to resolve the boundaries faced in existing approaches. Experimental results show that the studied methodology appreciably improves the prediction accuracy of the recommendation system.

9. Chapter 9: Women in India are diagnosed with breast cancer at a far higher rate than men. Breast cancer is the most common kind of cancer in women, accounting for more than half of all cases. It is possible to minimize the mortality rate of breast cancer via early and precise detection. By utilizing mammography, early breast cancer detection and assessment is currently possible. There is still a lot of controversy about mammography mass classifications, yet they are crucial for helping radiologists make accurate diagnoses. Using convolutional neural networks (CNNs), it has become possible to classify and segment images in a meaningful way. Unlabeled picture data, on the other hand, presents challenges, and while manual labeling is inefficient, pre-trained CNNs also perform poorly on genuine medical images. In this research, we propose the use of Transformer-Based Networks (TBN) in computer vision. Transformer-based vision models have been found to outperform convolutional models in previous studies as well. A self-supervised learning (SSL) technique called the Decision Tree Algorithm (DTA) is proposed in this study for processing mammography images for diagnostic purposes. The Decision Tree Algorithm works effectively with categorical and continuous dependent variables. In this study, the population was divided into two or more homogeneous groups based on the most important traits and independent factors. According to this article, a previously trained model can be enhanced by transitioning from making predictions on uniformly tiled regions to making predictions on the complete image. There were two studies that utilized the Kaggle archive breast cancer sample pool, the second of which used 286 samples. In the initial experiment, the decision tree was 100 percent accurate, but in the follow-up investigation, it was only 97.9 percent accurate.

10. Chapter 10: The groundwater cycle is one of the most vital elements of life. This is the sole most cardinal provenance of potable, agricultural, and industrial water. Underground water may be of good quality for cooking and drinking (potable) or it can be medium quality (domestic and industrial) or have another inappropriate quality for any use due to various contaminations. Heavy metals, minerals, and other factors can be present in the water. Septic systems can be contaminated by natural and artificial sources. There are many artificial polluting sources, such as chemicals, fertilizers, and mining activities, and there are also natural ones, such as seawater intrusion, geothermal brine seepage, and rock water leaching. Health hazards are associated with contaminated water. Groundwater contamination can lead to degrading surface water systems, loss of water supply, poor quality, or even no drinking water. It is well known that water is an essential part of life of all animals, including humans. We all need water in order to survive. Throughout this paper, we have examined the health effects, environmental impacts, and prevention of groundwater contamination.

11. Chapter 11: The improvement of agricultural practices for enhanced productivity has been the driving factor for the Green Revolution. Its introduction has led to modernization in farming with the use of high-yield variety seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc. Excessive usage of these chemicals, due to urbanization, has led to the deterioration of soil quality, depletion of essential nutrients and microbes present naturally in the soil, and caused water pollution. The use of fertilizers has been found to be very effective in achieving food production goals, but the widespread use of inorganic fertilizers seems to have a significant impact on soil physicochemical parameters, as this approach causes the exhaustion of essential minerals in the soil, which depletes soil fertility. As a result, adopting an alternative method that will act as a replacement and treatment has become critical in order to overcome this difficulty. The introduction of biofertilizers could be a boon for the agriculture industry as they are cost-effective, improve soil health by replenishing the soil with nutrients, and enhance the growth of plant growth-promoting microorganisms. Plants are also protected from brininess and aridity by biofertilizers. Biofertilizers are also environment-friendly and do not cause any hazards. Biofertilizers, when used as a supplement, have been shown to protect plants by releasing antibiotics that can fight against various plant infections.

12. Chapter 12: India is an agricultural country. 75% of the population is directly dependent on agriculture for their living. Modern farming uses enormous amounts of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, which disrupt soil fertility and also cause water hardness and genetic variation in plants. In this paper, we are going to focus on organic farming and its benefits. Quality crops are produced through organic farming without influencing the health of the soil. Therefore, organic farming provides macronutrients and micronutrients to the plants and also improves the different characteristics of the soil. Organic agriculture helps the farmers get synced with climate change. The change in climate makes the growing conditions more and more difficult. To overcome such a situation, the earth holds and removes the required greenhouse gases in the soil. The eco-agriculture has a higher ability to reduce environmental change, largely because it is higher in lowering the emission of gases like CH₄, NO₂, and CO. The confirmation of cultivation practices as expected in natural horticulture gives a straightforward assurance of natural standards and guidelines. This additionally permits the upheld reception of new and successful practices pointed toward working on the relief of environmental change. Besides, natural agribusiness is profoundly versatile to environmental change contrasted and regular farming. In any case, a more noteworthy acknowledgment of the capability of natural farming to alleviate environmental change is required. As of now, this acknowledgment relies upon the capacity of natural yields to outperform traditional yields, which has been displayed to happen in emerging nations. More examination is expected to work on natural yields in developed nations and to work on the capability of mediating environmental change through natural agribusiness. Future techniques for enhancing the adequacy of natural farming in relieving environmental change are introduced and talked about.

13. Chapter 13: Carbon dioxide is one of the unfavorable gases that will be released into the atmosphere in different ways such as through the burning of fossil fuels, factory emissions, vehicle smoke, etc. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which leads to global warming, climatic changes, and acid rain. Photosynthesis is the production of starch and oxygen with the help of carbon dioxide and water under sunlight in the chloroplast. It is a natural phenomenon carried out by the plants. Moreover, this is one of the significant activities conducted by plants, because they absorb harmful gases and release oxygen which is very helpful for the process of living for all the organisms. A team of Chinese scientists found a way to synthesize starch artificially in 2021, which is a great achievement in the field of science. Therefore, here they had collected carbon dioxide gas from the atmosphere in order to conduct these reactions. This is a very effective method where the useless, toxic, and harmful gases like carbon dioxide are converted finally into a useful product. Therefore, this can promote the formation of a sustainable bio-based society.

14. Chapter 14: Soil contamination, otherwise called soil pollution in simpler terms is caused due to the presence of anthropogenic substances mainly chemicals in the natural soil habitat. It is frequently caused by contaminants from industrial and agricultural activities or because of improper disposal of waste. Heavy metals like lead and arsenic; chemicals like pesticides, fungicides insecticides, and petroleum hydrocarbons are the most common chemicals involved in soil pollution. Soil pollution is now a global concern due to its impact on the environment and majorly human health. Industrialization, mining, and overuse of chemical fertilizers are the major causes of contamination of soil and also pose a significant threat to the environment. One way to restore soil to its original state is soil remediation. It is the process of cleaning and reviving the soil with external help. It is the process of removing toxicants from the environment to protect the health of both the population and the environment. There are three major soil remediation techniques that are generally used - soil washing, bioremediation, and thermal desorption. Bioremediation is a method of using living organisms to remediate the soil that removes contaminants, pollutants, and toxins from the soil. Bioremediation includes the remediation of the soil by bacteria, yeasts, or fungi called mycoremediation. Remediation can also be brought about by mycorrhiza which are associations of fungal species with roots of higher plants. Vermiremediation is the remediation of soil with the help of earthworms.

15. Chapter 15: Any substance which does not have any further function is called “waste”. Waste management is the proper control of the waste in order to protect it from environmental hazards. Industrial waste, commercial waste, domestic waste, agricultural waste, and electronic waste are a few types of waste that can be categorized. Environmental problems such as water pollution, air pollution, and soil pollution are a few different problems that can take place due to the improper management of waste. Landfill, incineration, waste compaction, composting, vermicomposting, recycling, plasma gasification, and conversion of waste to energy are some innovative methods of waste management that are discussed in this work.

16. Chapter 16: Vehicle fuel theft is one of the key worries of many bike and automobile owners these days. We've all heard stories of fuel being taken from our motorcycles or automobiles, and some of us have even experienced it ourselves. The primary goal of this detector is to prevent such an occurrence. A simple, cost-effective method is suggested here for maintaining vehicle fuel security when the vehicle owner is located anywhere on the planet. This style detector digitally displays the quantity of gasoline in the fuel tank. When the gasoline is stolen, a buzzer sounds, alerting the bike's owner. The goal of this project is to utilize it to monitor fuel security. When this system detects an instruction, it sends an alert to the vehicle's owner. When the owner of a motorcycle, automobile, or truck enters the key into the ignition lock and turns it on, a signal is sent to the microcontroller. Because the microcontroller recognizes that the bike/car has started, it will not monitor the fuel level. With this project, we've included a bike ignition key. When the key is taken from the ignition lock, the level sensor is activated. As soon as the individual exits the vehicle, the key is removed, and the system is triggered.

17. Chapter 17: Biochar is a charcoal that is used as a soil amendment. It is made up of wood, bones, and other organic substances including dried manure which is produced by a process known as pyrolysis under a lower oxygen amount. Biochar can be used to improve the fertility of the soil which results in finally increasing the crop yield. It has a honeycomb-like structure which will help increase the water holding capacity, and nutrient retention as well as stop the soil particles from getting compacted with each other. Infertility in the soil occurs due to the addition of different types of pesticides, weedicides as well as a lot of chemical substances. Therefore, biochar can act as a promising solution for the infertility of the soil while indirectly increasing the crop yield.

18. Chapter 18: Toxic and hazardous contaminants generated and accumulated as a result of industrial activities, improper waste management and other anthropogenic factors, have become one of the major environmental threats. Heavy metal contamination, in particular, has long-lasting negative impacts on the different life forms. In plants, it can disrupt the water and nutrient uptake mechanisms, photosynthesis, and other metabolic pathways, adversely affect the vital soil microflora, and can also make its way into the food chain, thereby resulting in the deterioration of human health. Although several chemical and physical treatment options have been developed, these conventional methods are expensive, and may not be feasible for large-scale remediation. Bioremediation is therefore considered a better eco-friendly alternative for solving this issue and for potentially reducing toxic metal concentration in polluted resources. This review in brief discusses the scope of bioremediation for contaminated soil, the various metal-remediating microbes found, the different mechanisms of bioremediation used, and much more.

19. Chapter 19: Sustainable agriculture is foreseen as a practice that will preserve and protect the environment. It tends to be a solution for ecological degradation of soil and other natural resources. In spite of the utilization of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, there still exists poverty and people live without a full-day meal worldwide. This global issue needs to be addressed in order to save our environment and ecosystem. Also since soil is a non-renewable resource, it has to be carefully planned and used without any degradation. Sustainable agriculture reforms the entire chemical system of farming. It all started with the initiation of the green revolution in order to tackle a significant increase in the human population. The use of chemical fertilizers hastened the period of crop production and resulted in surplus production of food grains. At the same time, it forces poor laborers for monetary borrow to invest in fertilizers and pesticides during the initial stages of cropping.

20. Chapter 20: The weight loss approach was used to investigate the corrosion characteristics of various metals found in varying concentrations of solutions containing acids. The degree of these metals' corrosion in 1–5 M HCL solutions was investigated for 24 hours. The order of metal corrosion is zinc > galvanized iron > copper >, whereas the order of aqueous media corrosion is HNO₃ > H₂SO₄ > HCl. It has been observed that increasing concentration increases the corrosion potential. Further investigation into the dynamics of corrosion has demonstrated that the rate of reactivity in terms of metals rises with increasing solution concentration when the half-life decreases.

21. Chapter 21: At present, with the increase in human population, the amount of plastic consumption has multiplied, and with it, pollution levels are getting alarming day by day. Plastic is a disaster and threatens the whole world. Since this is a big problem for our environment, there may be a call to find a change for traditional plastics. Therefore, bioplastics are the perfect option as they can be synthesized from various active biodegradable wastes. Bioplastics are formed from various renewable biomasses, including starch, biopolymers, cellulose, and aggregates from various compounds. These plastics can be easily synthesized and can be easily degraded compared to conventional plastics. So, the synthesis of it becomes a crucial challenge.

22. Chapter 22: This is an overview of the photocatalyst TiO₂ which gets activated under UV rays. Its use in wastewater management is discussed. TiO₂ is a semiconductor that uses the transient nature of electrons and holes to produce radicals such as OH• and HO2 • to degrade organic pollutants, inorganic pollutants, and pathogens, particularly into carbon dioxide, water, and oxides of organic compounds, respectively. The oxides are recycled back into the biogeochemical cycles. TiO₂ differs in its structure such as anatase, brookite, and rutile, and hence its properties. Besides this, there are several methods of preparation which can be through natural sources or synthetic preparation. To enhance the outcome of wastewater treatment, TiO₂ is doped or modified with certain elements. These include nonmetal Dopants such as porous minerals, carbon materials (fiber, graphene, activated carbon), polymer materials (PLC, PE), nitrogen, etc., and metals such as precious metals (Ag, Pt), ions (Fe³⁺, Mo⁵⁺). Composite modifications are also made. The formation of a heterojunction is one such method that enhances the activity of TiO₂ to increase the photo response to the visible and infrared regions. Co-doping is also done such as N and Co-doped TiO₂. Certain parameters which affect the efficiency of TiO₂ are discussed briefly along with the limitations it has. The degradation rates of some doped TiO₂ acting on Methylene blue and Rhoda mine B are recorded and a case study on degradation of Butachlor using Degussa-25 is discussed briefly. While degradation, a new byproduct i.e., carboxylic ions (such as acetate, and formate), was also found but later on after undergoing photo-Kolbe’s reaction, CO₂ was formed along with regenerated TiO₂. Here, peroxide ions played a major role in degradation as due to the presence of common salt, there was a competition to occupy the active holes of TiO₂. Hence, OH• became non-selective.

23. Chapter 23: Plastics are primarily composed of polymers and contain additives that allow them to inherit properties like durability, thermal insulation, electrical insulation, and density. Studies have shown that approximately half of all the conventional synthetic polymers in the market are used as short-term products, during disposal, they end up in landfills and oceans where large amounts of plastic are washed ashore, sink or float, and fragments into micro plastics which can harm and kill various organisms before making its way through the food chain. The term bioplastic is an abbreviation for bio-based polymers. A bio-based polymer can be shaped by components that stem from an organic source or its derivatives. In this paper, we’ll discuss the types, production, advantages and disadvantages, and applications of bioplastics.

24. Chapter 24: Accurate nanotechnology is an advanced, emerging science that has mostly the fields of industries, environmental issues, biotechnology, health, and medicine. NanoRemediation is known as the usage of nanoparticles for bio remediation. It is mainly used to treat wastewater soil, contaminated environmental material, groundwater, and sediments. In this technology, nano titanium dioxide or non-toxic nanoparticles are used. Basically, chlorine-containing organic wastes are removed using nano remediation. Although this method is a good technology, it is still present in investigational stages and has been applied mostly in laboratories.

25. Chapter 25: Bioremediation is a type of biodegradation that involves the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms. Biodegradation mainly involves the conversion of complex organic compounds to simpler and non-toxic ones. Bioremediation is a natural and genetically engineered technology that involves cleaning up polluted air, water, and soil using various forms of life such as bacteria, fungi, fishes, algae, animals, and plants. Bioremediation includes biotransformation which is incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds and it is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms. The other names that can be used for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation, and bio-restoration. Bioremediation is mainly used for the degradation of xenobiotics. Xenobiotics are substances that are man-made or synthetic and take a very long time to degradate. They are also known as recalcitrants. Some examples of recalcitrants are pesticides, herbicides, refrigerants, solvents, and other organic substances. Accumulation of these substances in soil water, air, and water causes so many problems. Therefore, we can use bioremediation to remove these chemicals from the environment. So it will be a very good solution for the environmental problems caused by toxic chemicals.

26. Chapter 26: Today, the main driver of socioeconomic development is energy. However, the interest in renewable energy is important because of the increasing level of environmental concern. Due to the ongoing depletion of fossil fuels, this alternative energy source is steadily growing in popularity. It is energy that is derived from the sun, wind, rain, etc. Solar energy has one of the greatest potentialities for conversion into electric power among the unconventional, renewable energy sources. To improve efficiency, a solar system should produce as much electricity as possible. Keep the solar panels aligned with the sun to optimum power production. This chapter discusses the production of electricity from solar energy. By appropriately positioning the panel in line with the position of the sun, the suggested method assures the maximum efficiency of the conversion of solar energy into electricity.

27. Chapter 27: A particular region's rapid industrial development necessitates the construction of numerous facilities. These include, in particular, production, warehouse, and commercial buildings along with office and social structures and the necessary supporting infrastructure. New industrial facilities must be built in expansive areas that are suitable for this kind of development. It goes without saying that the majority of locations with favourable ground conditions and location have already been developed, necessitating the implemen-tation of this type of investment in less desirable locations. Due to the specific implemen-tation challenges caused by this, it is necessary to properly improve and prepare the subsoil in order to construct the buildings and other objects that make up the entire investment safely.

28. Chapter 28: In recent years, the IIoT has piqued the interest of academic and industrial researchers. When IT was combined with industrial automation and control systems, the term IIoT was coined. It provides an integrated development environment for businesses to create intelligent interconnected systems that leverage a variety of IoT devices to connect the cyber and physical worlds with greater availability and scalability. IIoT includes networked smart electricity, industrial, medical, and transportation. In terms of technology, the consumer IoT and the Industrial IoT are not similar. In this chapter, the evolution of the industry, recent research, and the applications in IIoT are discussed. This chapter aims to assess the current state of IIoT in the current context and make some research recommendations for future researchers.

29. Chapter 29: PH plays an important role in determining product quality industries like in various chemical, petrochemical, petroleum refineries, fertilizer, pharmaceutical, food industries, effluent treatment and in many other organic and in organic plants. For instance, in any industrial wastewater treatment plant, the PH is monitored and controlled by manipulating the acid or base stream which is a strong acid or strong base. Modern treatment plant involves physical and chemical precipitation/flocculation along with biological treatment in aerators/trickle filters, membranes, etc., where the control of PH is the key factor for efficient treatment. In chemistry, PH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Pure water is said to be neutral, with a pH close to 7.0 at 25 degrees Celsius. Solutions with a PH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a PH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline. PH measurements are important in medicine, biology, chemistry, agriculture, forestry, etc. By PH control, we mean to maintain the PH value during continuous operation at a specific desired value by manipulating the alkaline flow rate. Usually in most industrial applications, the desired value is chosen to be around 7. This is the safest value for portable water, utility water used in industry, or waste-disposed water.